Analisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kadar HbA1c pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2

Irvon Aprilius Zamili (Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Malahayati)
Muhammad Noer (Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Malahayati)
Sri Maria Puji Lestari (Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Malahayati)
Mulat Muliasih (Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Malahayati)
DOI: 10.56922/pti.v6i6.27 Published: 2026-10-18 pp. 475-481
Full-Text Downloads:
Access and read the complete peer-reviewed article

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that requires optimal glycemic control to prevent complications. HbA1c levels, which serve as an indicator of long-term glycemic control, can be influenced by medication adherence, dietary adherence, and body mass index (BMI).

Purpose: To analyze factors associated with HbA1c levels in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Method: An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted. A total of 82 T2DM patients were selected using a purposive sampling technique from a population of 97 patients. Primary data regarding medication and dietary adherence were collected via questionnaires, alongside BMI measurements. Secondary data on HbA1c levels were obtained from medical records. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate methods, applying the Chi-Square test.

Results: The majority of respondents were adherent to their medication (48 respondents; 58.5%), had poor dietary adherence (42 respondents; 51.2%), were not obese (51 respondents; 62.2%), and had controlled HbA1c levels (43 respondents; 52.4%).

Conclusion: There is a significant association between medication adherence and HbA1c levels (p=0.009; OR=3.343), dietary adherence and HbA1c levels (p=0.028; OR=0.370), as well as BMI and HbA1c levels (p=0.017; OR=3.062). BMI, medication adherence, and dietary adherence are significantly associated with HbA1c levels in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

 

Keywords: Body Mass Index (BMI); Dietary Adherence; HbA1c; Medication Adherence; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

 

Pendahuluan: Diabetes Melitus (DM) tipe 2 merupakan penyakit metabolik kronik yang membutuhkan pengendalian glikemik optimal untuk mencegah komplikasi. Kadar HbA1c sebagai indikator kontrol glikemik jangka panjang dapat dipengaruhi oleh kepatuhan pengobatan, kepatuhan diet, dan indeks massa tubuh (IMT).

Tujuan: Untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kadar HbA1c pada pasien DM tipe 2.

Metode: Penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Sampel berjumlah 82 pasien DM tipe 2 dipilih dengan teknik purposive sampling dari populasi 97 pasien. Data primer berupa kepatuhan pengobatan dan kepatuhan diet dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner, disertai pengukuran IMT. Data sekunder berupa kadar HbA1c diperoleh dari rekam medis. Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat dan bivariat menggunakan uji Chi-Square.

Hasil: Mayoritas responden patuh pengobatan (48 responden; 58.5%), memiliki kepatuhan diet yang buruk (42 responden; 51.2%), tidak obesitas (51 responden; 62.2%), dan HbA1c terkontrol (43 responden; 52.4%).

Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara kepatuhan pengobatan dengan HbA1c (p=0.009; OR=3.343), kepatuhan diet dengan HbA1c (p=0.028; OR=0.370), dan IMT dengan HbA1c (p=0.017; OR=3.062). IMT, kepatuhan pengobatan, dan kepatuhan diet memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan kadar HbA1c pada pasien DM tipe 2.

 

Kata Kunci: Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2; HbA1c; Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT); Kepatuhan Diet; Kepatuhan Pengobatan.

Analisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kadar HbA1c pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 . (2026). Journal of Pharmacy and Tropical Issues, 6(6), 475-481. https://doi.org/10.56922/pti.v6i6.27
ABNT ACM ACS AMA APA Chicago Harvard IEEE MLA Turabian Vancouver
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX
  1. Al Ubaidi, B. A. A., Abdulla, K. J., Al Jenaidi, N. A., Ali, H. A., Marhoon, E. M., Matar, H. M., & Shakeeb, H. A. (2024). Self-care management and glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes in Bahrain: A cross-sectional study. Clinical Diabetology, 13(2), 116-123. https://doi.org/10.5603/cd.98550
  2. American Diabetes Association. (2024). Standards of medical care in diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care, 47(Suppl 1). S1–S350. Diakses dari: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-Sint
  3. Apovian, C. M., Okemah, J., & O’Neil, P. M. (2019). Body weight considerations in the management of type 2 diabetes. Advances in therapy, 36(1), 44-58. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac599
  4. Aulia, R., Wahyuningsih, M. S. H., & Huriyati, E. (2022). Asupan zat gizi makro dan kepatuhan minum obat antidiabetik terhadap kadar HbA1c pada penyandang diabetes melitus tipe 2. Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia, 19(2), 79.https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.70259
  5. Astutisari, I. D. A. E. C., Darmini, A. Y. D. A. Y., Ayu, I. A. P. W. I., & Wulandari, P. (2022). Hubungan pola makan dan aktivitas fisik dengan kadar gula darah pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Puskesmas Manggis I. Jurnal Riset Kesehatan Nasional, 6(2), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.37294/jrkn.v6i2.350
  6. Azrimadaliza, A., Annisa, A., & Rita, R. S. (2022). Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kadar HbA1c anggota klub prolanis diabetes mellitus tipe 2. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, 11(01), 75-83. https://doi.org/10.33221/jikm.v11i01.991
  7. Cahyaningsih, I., Rokhman, M. R., Maziyyah, N., Mubarik, S., Denig, P., & Taxis, K. (2026). Factors associated with medication adherence among people with type 2 diabetes in Indonesia: A multicenter cross-sectional study using structural equation modeling. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 112684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2026.112684
  8. Deng, L., Jia, L., Wu, X. L., & Cheng, M. (2025). Association between body mass index and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, 555-563. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S508365
  9. Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Lampung. (2023). Profil kesehatan Provinsi Lampung tahun 2023. Diakses dari: https://dinkes.lampungprov.go.id/download/profil-kesehatan-tahun-2023/
  10. Estoppey, P., Clair, C., Auderset, D., & Puder, J. J. (2023). Sex differences in type 2 diabetes. Cardiovascular Medicine, 26(3), 96-99. https://doi.org/10.4414/cvm.2023.02273
  11. Hara, K., Hirase, T., Pathadka, S., Cai, Z., Sato, M., Ishida, N., & Takemura, R. (2024). Trends of HbA1c and BMI in people with type 2 diabetes: a Japanese claims-based study. Diabetes Therapy, 15(4), 801-817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-024-01543-4
  12. Harna, H., Efriyanurika, L., Novianti, A., Sa’pang, M., & Irawan, A. M. A. (2022). Status gizi, asupan zat gizi makro dan kaitannya dengan kadar hba1c pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2. Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 15(4), 365-372. https://doi.org/10.33860/jik.v15i4.806
  13. Hassounah, G., Qomsani, R., Robert, A. A., & Qomsani Jr, R. W. (2025). Assessment of Diabetes Self-Care Practices Among Patients at a Military Hospital in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus, 17(11). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.97125
  14. International Diabetes Federation. (2021). IDF diabetes atlas (10th ed). Diakses dari: https://idf.org/news-and-resources/resources/idf-diabetes-atlas-2021/
  15. Iskandar, F. F., Putri, D. F., & Amirus, K. (2025). Analisis Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kepatuhan Pengobatan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Di Wilayah Puskesmas Gedong Air Bandar Lampung. Jurnal Medika Malahayati, 9(2), 452-461. https://doi.org/10.33024/jmm.v9i2.21003
  16. Katzung, B., Hall, K., Vanderah, T., & Trevor, A. (2021). Katzung & Trevor's pharmacology: Examination & board review (13th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Education.
  17. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2018). Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2018. Diakses dari: https://layanandata.kemkes.go.id/katalog-data/riskesdas/ketersediaan-data/riskesdas-2018
  18. Komariah, K., & Rahayu, S. (2020). Hubungan usia, jenis kelamin dan indeks massa tubuh dengan kadar gula darah puasa pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di klinik pratama rawat jalan proklamasi, Depok, Jawa Barat. Jurnal Kesehatan Kusuma Husada, 41-50. https://doi.org/10.34035/jk.v11i1.412
  19. Kristin, W., & Kafesa, A. (2024). Analisis Faktor-Faktor Komorbid Penyakit Diabetes Melitus Tipe-Ii Berdasarkan Parameter Hba1C. JKM (Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat) Cendekia Utama, 12(1), 54-65. https://doi.org/10.31596/jkm.v12i1.2080
  20. Lubis, A. H., Elviyanti, E., & Boyke, B. (2025). The Relationship Between Adherence To Antidiabetic Treatment and Hba1c Values In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients At Royal Prima Hospital, Medan, In 2025. International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP), 5(4), 824-835. https://doi.org/10.51601/ijhp.v5i4.482
  21. Morisky, D. E., Ang, A., Krousel‐Wood, M., & Ward, H. J. (2008). Retracted: predictive validity of a medication adherence measure in an outpatient setting. The journal of clinical hypertension, 10(5), 348-354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7176.2008.07572.xDigital%20Object%20Identifier%20
  22. Polonsky, W. H., & Henry, R. R. (2016). Poor medication adherence in type 2 diabetes: recognizing the scope of the problem and its key contributors. Patient preference and adherence, 1299-1307. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S273593
  23. Popoviciu, M. S., Marin, V. N., Vesa, C. M., Stefan, S. D., Stoica, R. A., Serafinceanu, C., & Stoian, A. P. (2022, January). Correlations between diabetes mellitus self-care activities and glycaemic control in the adult population: a cross-sectional study. In Healthcare, 10(1), 174-183. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10010174
  24. Rohmatulloh, V. R., Riskiyah, R., Pardjianto, B., & Kinasih, L. S. (2024). Hubungan usia dan jenis kelamin terhadap angka kejadian diabetes melitus tipe 2 berdasarkan 4 kriteria diagnosis di Poliklinik Penyakit Dalam RSUD Karsa Husada Kota Batu. Prepotif: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 8(1), 2528-2543. https://doi.org/10.31004/prepotif.v8i1.27198
  25. Sagala, D., Nainggolan, R. N., Sinurat, S., Butar-Butar, H., & Siahaan, J. M. (2024). Comparison of HbA1c levels in normal-weight and obese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Dr. Pirngadi General Hospital, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Medicine, 9(4), 506-512. https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2024.9.4.802
  26. Saputra, I., Esfandiari, F., Marhayuni, E., & Nur, M. (2020). Indeks massa tubuh dengan kadar Hb-A1c pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe II. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Sandi Husada, 9(2), 597-603. https://doi.org/10.35816/jiskh.v12i2.360
  27. Schmitt, A., Gahr, A., Hermanns, N., Kulzer, B., Huber, J., & Haak, T. (2013). The Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ): development and evaluation of an instrument to assess diabetes self-care activities associated with glycaemic control. Health and quality of life outcomes, 11(1), 138. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-11-138
  28. Schmitt, A., Bendig, E., Baumeister, H., Hermanns, N., & Kulzer, B. (2021). Associations of depression and diabetes distress with self-management behavior and glycemic control. Health Psychology, 40(2), 113. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0001037
  29. Sendekie, A. K., Netere, A. K., Kasahun, A. E., & Belachew, E. A. (2022). Medication adherence and its impact on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with comorbidity: A multicenter cross-sectional study in Northwest Ethiopia. PloS one, 17(9), e0274971. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274971
  30. Soelistijo, S. A., Suastika, K., Lindarto, D., Decroli, E., & Permana, H. (2024). Pedoman pengelolaan dan pencegahan diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Indonesia 2024. Pengurus Besar Perkumpulan Endokrinologi Indonesia. https://pbperkeni.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/DMT2-2024-Protected.pdf
  31. Strati, M., Moustaki, M., Psaltopoulou, T., Vryonidou, A., & Paschou, S. A. (2024). Early onset type 2 diabetes mellitus: an update. Endocrine, 85(3), 965-978. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-024-03772-w
  32. Sukohar, A., Rachman, R. E., Abighail, N., Lusina, S. E., & Ghani, M. A. (2026). Medication Adherence and Glycemic Control among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Enrolled in a Chronic Disease Management Program in Primary Care Settings. International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP), 6(1), 450-458. https://doi.org/10.51601/ijhp.v6i1.571
  33. Szeliga, A., Chedraui, P., & Meczekalski, B. (2026). The impact of the menopausal transition on body composition and abdominal fat redistribution. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 15(2), 740. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020740
  34. Vavitis, A., Anastasiou, I. A., Kounatidis, D., Rebelos, E., & Tentolouris, N. (2026). Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Is a Strong Predictor of Glycemic and Lipidemic Control in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: An Observational Study from a Tertiary Hospital in Greece. Nutrients, 18(2), 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020285
  35. Wang, M., Gan, W., Kartsonaki, C., Guo, Y., Lv, J., Chen, Z., & Yu, M. (2022). Menopausal status, age at natural menopause and risk of diabetes in China: a 10-year prospective study of 300,000 women. Nutrition & metabolism, 19(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-022-00643-x
  36. World Health Organization. (2023). Obesity and overweight fact sheet. Diakses dari: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/topic-details/GHO/body-mass-index
  37. Zairina, E., Nugraheni, G., Sulistyarini, A., Mufarrihah, M., Setiawan, C. D., Kripalani, S., & Lestari, S. I. (2022). Factors related to barriers and medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 21(1), 219-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-021-00961-6